The origine of the universe

Newton left it to God to wind up the clock of the universe from time to time. Today, no physicists would dare make such a suggestion, even if they believed that the Creator is constantly winding up the clock.

As testified by the last few centuries, the time for theocosmic syntheses seems to have passed. Science and faith have gradually become distinct areas of understanding, and their amalgamation is deemed improper. A word, "concordism", has even been coined to castigate the error of such amalgamators. It is true that such unfortunate ideas as the correspondence between the biblical days of creation and geological eras needed to be denounced.

Nevertheless, since the advent of the new physics, the mentality of scientists has been changing. Some of them tend to see a few correlations between the concepts of quantum theory and certain aspects of far-eastern thinking, even borrowing its vocabulary when speaking of the "eightfold way of hadrons" (the eightfold way is the sum of the eight achievements of the fourth Noble Truth. These achievements constitute the core of Buddhist spiritual practices. Hadrons are the baryons and mesons).

This seems to provide a justification for seeking further correlations between the concepts of quantum theory and Catholic dogma.

To do this, we will first reiterate the theoretical novelties proposed in the previous chapters, which, to simplify expression, we will assume below to be correct.

 

The structure of the photon

The entire universe is composed of distinct but equal groups of three constituents.

The three constituents are distinguished by their colour charge, here referred to as their temporal charge: present, past and future.

The three constituents are equal because there is no priority between them. They demonstrate this either by occupying the same positions successively, or by occupying the same position simultaneously.

In the first case, they are in an ordered state, going through every possible permutation. They thus constitute matter and antimatter.

In the second case, they are in a disordered state, and therefore have to occupy the same position simultaneously, in such a way that each of them is within the two others. This is the photon.

This complex situation is symbolized by means of the geometrical interpreter of the G3 group, the equilateral triangle abc (see above), among other things placing at its apexes the three colour charges of the electron, the three constituents of which the universe is made. If we then reduce the triangle as far as possible, making the three chargers converge along its perpendicular bisectors, they all occupy the same position when they join together at the centre of the triangle, o, where the electron is transformed into a photon, as previously described. The charges are then no longer in an ordered state: each is within the other two: a is within b and within c; b is within c and within a; c is within b and within a.

In summary, the three elementary components of the universe coexist simultaneously within the photon, each of the three being within the other two.

Exactly the same situation pertains to dogmatic theology in the case of the three facets of the Holy Trinity, whose coexistence, known as "circumincession", was explicitly asserted at the Council of Florence in 1439: "the Father is entirely within the Son, who is entirely within the Holy Spirit; the Son is entirely within the Father, who is entirely within the Holy Spirit; the Holy Spirit is entirely within the Father, who is entirely within the Son".

The circumincession of the photon, expressed as {a, b, c}explains why it disintegrates, as supposed in the first chapter, into its six permutations, three pairs of charged leptons and anti-leptons expressed as: (a, b, c) (a, c, b) (b, a, c) (b, c, a) (c, a, b) (c, b, a).

If, as circumincession requires, a is within b and c, it is simultaneously within c and b. This is because b cannot have priority over c, nor c over b, due to their equal charges. The two states (a within b and c, and a within c and b) therefore coexist. The same applies to b, which is within both a and c, and c and a; the same is true of c, which is within both b and a, and a and b.

The three charges therefore already occupy the six states corresponding to the six permutations of {a, b, c}which form the six charged leptons and anti-leptons.

Circumincession is the expression of the mystery of a single God in three distinct persons, which forms the keystone of the entire edifice of the Catholic faith, and which asserts that three persons, although really distinct, possess a single substance and consequently interpenetrate each other.

Why is there such a perfect correspondence between science and faith? Because God can only create from what he knows. However, he knows only himself, and through himself, all the possible creatures which reflect his image, or multiples of his image and their combinations. Thus the universe, like humanity, was made in the image of God.

This image draws its temporal nature from its model. In the Book of Exodus (3, 14), God defines himself in relation to time by telling Moses "I am that I am". Saint John, in the Book of Revelations (1, 4) speaks on behalf of he who "was, is, and shall be", and who is therefore the Eternal, he who recapitulates the past, present and future.

Such a perfect correspondence between the three aspects of the Trinity and the three constituents of the photon cannot be a coincidence.

As the photon's three charges (past, present and future) reproduce the circumincession of the Trinity, they must also reproduce the intra-trinital operations described.

A distinction should be made between God's ad extra operations, which concern the creation and are common to the three aspects of the Trinity, and his ad intra operations, within himself, which are proper to each of the three aspects, and are named for this reason personal intra-trinital relationships.

Procession is the only type of ad intra operation.

An object is said to proceed from another object when it originates from it.

The object-principle exercises an "active procession", and the object-term is in a state of "passive procession". These processions are opposed, and are therefore distinct.

Ad intra, the second personal relationship: the Son proceeds from the first, the Father. Here, the "active procession" is paternity, while the "passive procession" is filiation. In opposition to each other, they form the first two persons of the Trinity.

The third personal relationship, the Holy Spirit, proceeds from the Father and the Son as if from a single principle known as spiration, which is active in opposition to its term, passive spiration, which is the Holy Spirit. Active spiration is a non-personal intra-trinital relationship.

Originally, the Synod of Nikaia, a summary of the Christian faith, claimed that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father. The words "and from the Son" were added later, leading to the Filioque dispute. The eastern church did not accept the addition, and this was one of the reasons why it split from the western church (however, if the Father alone were the principle of the Holy Spirit, there would be a second paternity, and thus a second filiation, and therefore a second Son, which is obviously not the case).

In summary, two opposite relationships within the Trinity originate a third. Can such a configuration be found within the photon?

Yes. Within the photon, the opposite charges of the past and future generate the charge of the present, in the same way as two  opposed forces generate a resulting force.

This type of pattern can be found on a universal scale.

 

The location of antimatter

In four-dimensional geometry, the past and future both exist. Symmetrically opposed, they are the source of the present, which is their point of intersection in the current model of the universe (see Fig. 2). For us, time moves from the present into the future, and is said to be positive. In order to coexist with the opposite direction, which moves from the present to the past, and is referred to as negative, this direction must be located in another universe. Time cannot flow simultaneously in two opposite directions. An anti-time therefore exists in an anti-universe, Feynman's universe of "decreasing time", which are our spheres of the past. But how can the existence of an anti-universe be proven if it is not observed?

In 1928, P. A. M. Dirac proposed a relativistic equation for the wave function of the electron. However, although the energy of a particle is always positive in non-relativistic physics, it can be either positive or negative in relativistic mechanics, due to a square root within the equation.

This is how, while seeking the physical significance of negative energy states, we stumbled upon the existence of antimatter,  antiparticles of which become less energetic as they are accelerated.

Every particle has an antiparticle. Logically, there must therefore be a universe of antiparticles, or antimatter. This anti-universe will be expressed as {U-}. In this anti-universe, the photon is its own antiparticle, and the Planck constant is negative.

Unified theories require the absolute symmetry of {U+}and {U-} at the moment of their creation. But in that case, why did they not annihilate each other, and how does the current cosmic asymmetry result from the disappearance of {U-}?

Astrophysicists envisage two main hypotheses. Either {U+}and {U-} are separated by a void which stops them from annihilating each other – {U-} is very far away in space, where only an anti-neutrino telescope could detect it or a phenomenon such as the non-conservation of the baryonic number occurred very early on. Protons and antiprotons annihilated each other, and only the excess protons survived.

Here we shall propose a very different hypothesis, based on the two cases of the logic of set theory used in the previous chapter to mathematically express the Big Bang, and which is represented by two Euler-Venn diagrams which symbolize the relationship of two equal sets. There is also a third case, which will be examined below.

In the first case (Fig. 1), before the Big Bang, the sets {U+}and {U-}, in the present, the past and the future are merged. By mutual annihilation, they form the primordial photonic set: {U0}.

In the second case (Fig. 2), the Big Bang has divided the primordial universe into the past, present and future. The present is the point of intersection between the past and the future, and is composed of the hypersphere described above, with its three layers referred to here as {U+}, {U-} and g, the latter being composed of primordial photons which escaped the Big Bang.

However, in this model, the present, the point of intersection between the past and future, is not a sphere, but a biconvex lens if the circles of Figure 2 are replaced by spheres.

The second diagram locates {U+}on the upper surface of the lens (the future side), and {U-} on the lower (past) side, underneath matter. The location of antimatter has therefore been found: it has not disappeared, but cannot be observed from the universe of ordinary matter as it is separated from it by the energy barrier g.

In this model, the past, present and future are created simultaneously, but only the present is real. The other two are probabilities of the presence of {U+} and {U-}.

The act of creation

Among the infinity of all possible worlds, the current universe seems to be the only one with the right conditions for the development of intelligent life. If the fundamental constants had been even slightly different, humanity would not have been able to evolve.

This is why cosmologists have developed the anthropic principle, which states that the purpose of the evolution of the universe was the advent of humanity. The metaphysical implications of this concept have aroused misgivings in scientific circles.

However, we will now adopt this principle, but for totally different reasons.

According to Catholic dogma, the universe was created by God "ex nihilo"; from nothing rather than from something which already existed.

The decision to create was made throughout eternity. Divine immutability, which is an article of faith, claims that God does not change. God did not first want the universe not to exist and then to exist, he always wanted it to be so.

However, although the decision to create it was made throughout eternity, the universe nevertheless had a beginning; it was created with time. This truth of the Catholic faith was defined by the fourth Lateran council and confirmed by Vatican 1.

Throughout eternity, God knows all possible worlds within himself: the one which will be created, and the ones which will remain in a virtual state.

The act of creation involves transmitting reality into the virtual world selected to receive it. But what is reality? Reality is existence. However, before the creation, only God existed, and his only way to create one of the possible worlds is therefore to breathe existence into it. But how?

First, let's go back in time. During the 13th century, theologians asked whether the Son would have been incarnated if Man had not sinned. Saint Thomas first answered "yes", and then "no". Duns Scot answered in the affirmative. As the Catholic Magisterium has not yet reached a decision, the question remains open.

If so, for what reason other than the salvation of mankind could the Son have been incarnated? To create the universe by giving it reality through his presence, "the life" as he said. This is an essential operation, but the creative incarnation is currently obscured by the redemptive incarnation.

To object that the Son cannot be the origin of the universe, as he was incarnated billions of years after the beginning of time, won't hold water, as the universe became real in anticipation of his coming. The effect preceded the cause. In a similar way, his mother, the Immaculate Conception, was preserved from original sin in anticipation of the coming of Jesus within her. Once again, the effect preceded the cause. With far more precision, we once again come across the anthropic principle: the universe did not develop for the coming of mankind, but for the coming of one man: Christ.

The universe thus went through two phases: the first before the coming of the Son, and the second after it. These phases are symbolized by the Christian calendar, which divides time into two periods: BC and AD.

 

The beginning and end of our current universe.

Two symmetrical questions still remain. How did the primordial universe disintegrate? How will our universe end?

If, as we have supposed, the primordial universe was photonic in nature, everything which it contained was composed of photons. However, photons travel for billions of light-years before being detected by telescopes, and would indefinitely continue their trajectories if they had not encountered a physical obstacle. However, there was no matter in a stable primordial universe, in which the photon was therefore immortal. Composed of photons, its inhabitants would also have been immortal. But were there any such inhabitants?

At the risk of falling into theology-fiction, I would say yes. Here is a very hypothetical fable, which will be a welcome diversion in this text where the Big bang has been discussed as if it really described the beginning.

In an original photonic universe, a human couple composed of photons (and therefore immortal in nature) were tempted by an attractive photon whose energy they decided to share. However, the sharing of the photon caused it to disintegrate into matter and antimatter. The reaction propagated, and the disintegration of the primordial universe created the current universe in which the couple, transformed into matter, and therefore now mortal, were banished to the planet Earth by means of a spatio-temporal translation, from which they could not escape as "Cherubim brandishing a flaming sword" (Genesis 3, 24) opposed their return to the original photonic state.

This location of the Paradise Lost explains why the primordial universe disintegrated, why the first couple were immortal, why their sin not only made them mortal, but damaged the universe. Henceforth, according to the Book of Genesis: "the earth shall be accursed" (3, 17) and according to chapter 8 of the Epistle of Saint Paul to the Romans, the set of creation would be subject to corruption. Although the mechanism of this chain reaction is comprehensible, one cannot see how such a universal catastrophe could have been triggered, in a garden between the Tigris and the Euphrates, by the sharing of a fruit desired by the first man and the first woman.

Will the same mechanism trigger the end of the universe?

The end of the world is announced by Christ in the Gospels, and by Saint John in the Book of Revelations. According to Saint Peter's description in his second epistle (3, 10), the catastrophe will be universal: "On that day, the sky will disappear with a terrible sound, the celestial bodies will be destroyed by fire, and the Earth and all it contains shall cease to exist".

From this description, it is clear that the entire universe will cease to exist. But how could the same phenomenon affect galaxies billions of light-years apart? The answer can be found in set theory.

The relationships between two equal non-empty sets constitute the mathematical expression of three basic logical cases. We have already called on the first two, and will now call on the third to explain the end of the universe.

In the first case, the two sets are merged; this was the primordial universe. In the second case, they are separated by their point of intersection; this is our universe. In the third case, they will be separated; this represents the final division of the universe.

In this scenario, the transition from stage two to stage three entails the complete disappearance of the point of intersection. However, this includes the current universe, which will therefore disappear with all its galaxies.

In stage two, the universe was symbolized by ZT, the set of relative set numbers. In stage three, the positive and negative set numbers which form Z are separated, and the corresponding spheres of the universe, which we express as U, are then symbolized by the positive set and the negative set, or: {Uo, U+1, U+2, U+3...} and {Uo, U-1, U-2, U-3...}.

In the diagram in Figure 2, the intersection of the present between the future and the past is composed of a layer of matter and a layer of antimatter separated by a layer of photons. How can this intersection disappear?

Two processes, which begin in the same way, can be envisaged. First of all, the layer of photons disintegrates into matter and antimatter, and {U+} and {U-} annihilate each other. This reaction, extended to the universe/anti-universe pair, converts it into energy, creating a second primordial universe through an inverse Big Bang: {U0}. We are back in stage one.

The process which shifts the universe from stage two to stage three also begins with the disintegration of photons into matter and antimatter, but these return to their respective universes, of which they are the complements, and form the separated positive and negative sets described above, whose elements range from zero to positive and negative infinities. The transition from stage two to stage three will take place thus. We have chosen this hypothesis rather than the previous one because, according to the scriptures, the Chosen and the Outcasts will be separated into two distinct universes. We will then be in stage three.

It remains to be seen how the layer of photons will disappear, whether it will be a natural event or man-made event. In the latter case, an event symmetrical to that of the Big Bang can be imagined. Here is a hypothetical outline:

Over the next few years, the accelerated development of subnuclear physics, associated with the use of increasingly powerful instruments, will make it possible to reach hitherto unprecedented energy levels.

One day, within the monstrous entrails of an underground laboratory, a team of physicists, in its headlong quest for the last secrets of matter, will reach the critical energy threshold, creating a double of the fateful photon whose disintegration will cause the Big Bang.

Then, during an ill-starred experiment, this new agent will penetrate the insulating layer of photons g, where it will disintegrate into matter and anti-matter, thus triggering the process described above.

Then the world will end.

What comes next is described in the Book of Revelations: a glorious form of matter, left waiting in the future by the Ascension and the Assumption, will come and replace the destroyed matter.

 

The Solution to the Great Enigma

Threefold images, three temporal charges, currently referred to as colour charges, are the ultimate components of the universe,  drawn from the void by the creative Incarnation. By looking for their origin, we have discovered not only how the universe was created, but how it will end in the future.

 

Addenda

The Catholic faith states that a universal, invisible spirit was created at the same time as the visible universe.

An dissertation on this truth was not essential to an understanding of the subject dealt with above, and would have led to too much discussion.

The invisible universe should be described according to the same process as the visible universe, based on the threefold model and set theory, which allows (for example) the unity of the body and soul to be demonstrated by defining man as the intersection of the spiritual and material universes.